虚拟语气讲解,求虚拟语气讲解
本文目录索引
- 1,求虚拟语气讲解
- 2,求虚拟语气详解。
- 3,求虚拟语气讲解,适合初中生滴,最重要是让偶明白!
- 4,虚拟语气的具体用法,求详解。
- 5,求助虚拟语气各种情况的例句举例和解析~
- 6,虚拟语气具体用法的讲解
- 7,虚拟语气讲解
- 8,讲一讲英语中的虚拟语气(用法详细一点)
- 9,虚拟语气有哪些形式?用法是什么?
- 10,虚拟语气的各种用法
1,求虚拟语气讲解
虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。
Ⅰ用以表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气
⒈ 用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件,是虚拟条件最普通的方式。
① 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设,其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were),主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形,例如:If I were in your position I would marry her.
② 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设,if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had+过去分词,主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词,例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
③ 大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种,但并不排除存在条件和后果中,一个和现在情况相反,另一个和过去情况相反,例如:If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now.这个句子在高中出现频率颇高。
④ 但是,如果后果用了虚拟语气,而条件却用陈述语气,这种用法是错的。
⒉ 除了表示虚假条件外,if从句还可以表示对将来的推测,由于是将来还没有发生的,所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的,只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大。一般情况下,可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对一个未来事实的推测,这个事实是完全可能发生的。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形,主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形,例如:Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996年1月四级第44题)
⒊ 有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去,而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前,即用倒装结构,这时候,如果出现not等否定词,否定词需放在主语后面。这种结构在口语中很少使用,但频频出现在各类考试中出现,例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.
⒋ 大多数的虚拟条件通过上面所讲的两种方法表达,但在个别句子中也可以通过介词without和介词短语but for表达,副词otherwise等表达出来。例如:We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.(1995年6月四级第46题)值得注意的是,包含but for的句子,谓语动词必定要用虚拟形式,但包含without等短语的句子,谓语动词未必一定要用虚拟语气。
⒌ 有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来,而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里,于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的but从句构成的并列复合句,例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在这样的句子里,如果主句没有用虚拟语气,或者从句用了虚拟语气,都是错的。
Ⅱ用在宾语从句中的虚拟语气
⒈ 在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句中,需用虚拟语气。(wish后的that 常省略),根据主句时态,从句谓语时态相应退后一位,例如:How she wished his family could go with him.
⒉ 在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用(should) +动词原形。值得注意的是,如果宾语从句的动词是否定的,否定词not的位置应在动词之前,而不是动词之后。例如:The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外,如suggest表达“暗示”,insist表示“坚持某种说法”时,后面的从句不用虚拟语气,例如:Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy.
除此之外,上述动词也要求用虚拟式
① 在It is+上述动词的过去分词,其后所跟的主语从句中,如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.
② 在上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词,其后的表语从句中,例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.
③ 在对上述动词相应的名词进行解释的同位语从句中,如:The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.
⒊ would (had)rather , would sooner也用来表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反,例如:I would rather he went right now.
Ⅲ其他形式的虚拟语气
⒈ it is +necessary等形容词后,that主语从句中虚拟形式使用,这类形容词包括necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等,例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.
⒉ 在It's (high/about) time 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式,例如It is high time that you went to school
⒊ 虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用(谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同)表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑,谓语动词用过去式。例如:He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示过去想象中的动作或情况,谓语动词用过去完成式。
⒋ 在lest 引导的状语从句中,谓语动词多用虚拟语气,(should )+ 动词原形。例如: The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.(1998年1月四级第38题)
⒌ 在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。例如: Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.
虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:
①If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。
②I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。
③May you succeed!祝您成功!
虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开始吧。
虚拟语气详解运用:
简单句中的虚拟语气
一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气,常用于日常会话中。如:
⑴.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗?
⑵.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。
二、表祝愿。
1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿,但愿,此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。
⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好运!
⑵、May you be happy!祝你快乐!
⑶、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就!
⑷、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
⑸、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
⑹、May you be happy. (注意那个be ) 祝你幸福。
2、用动词原形。例如:
(1).Long live the people! 人民万岁!
(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说:“愿上帝保佑你!”
(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快!
三、表示强烈愿望。(该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形,第三人称单数也不加“s”)
(1).God save me.
(2).Heaven help us.
四、表命令
1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you),而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。
2.句子尾通常加上感叹号:!
3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present),如:work, be , go
4.否定形式的命令语气,可用助动词do,加上not。
(1). Work !
(2). Work harder !
(3). Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词Be)
(4). You go out !
(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)
(6). Don't be afraid. (口语中常用don't 代替do not)
五、在一些习惯表达中。如:
(1).You’d better set off now.你最好现在就出发。
(2).I’d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。
第三部分:名词性从句中的虚拟语气
第一节:宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气
一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,常省去宾语从句的引导词that。
一)、对现在情况的虚拟(与现在的事实相反):
从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语be和were(was),实义动词用过去式。例:
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)
2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)
3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)
4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)
5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)
现在他在中国,他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)
6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)
二)、对过去情况的虚拟(和过去的事实相反):
用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时,或would, could, might+现在完成时。例:
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.
我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)
2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.
他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)
3. We wished he had spoken to us.
(wished,had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)
4. I wish you had called earlier.
(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)
5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.
(will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)
例题分析:I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept
动词wish后面接从句,表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气,即用过去式(表示现在发生的动作)或过去完成式(表示过去发生的动作)。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had
to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept是答案
三)、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望):
从句动词"would/should/could/might + 动词原形"(时间上较后)(请注意:主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例:
1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)
我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)
2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)
3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)
4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)
我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵,女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)
5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)
(只是希望我们和他在一起,实际上还没在一起)
四)、注意:
1.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如:
I wished I hadn't spent so much money.
我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。
2. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stop asking silly questions.
二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见,认为某事应该或不应该怎样,这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气,且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气,但事实上“should”常被省略,故此从句中谓语动词用原形,常用的此类动词有:
表示“要求”的:ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg
表示“提议、劝告、建议”的:move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote
表示“决定、命令”的:decide, order
表示“主张”的:maintain, urge
表示“同意、坚持”的:consent, insist
例如:
1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.
2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.
3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(当我建议他用刮胡膏时,他说“剃刀和水就行了”。)
4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据,直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。)
5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English�speaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。)
在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍,其结构如:
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +... (should) do
6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.
但注意:在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气.
8.she insists that she is right.
9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once.
或者说,suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时,即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时,宾语从句用陈述语气。
10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中,我们经常用“should+动词原形(或完成形式)”,表示惊奇,怀疑,不满等。
I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.
我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。
四、would rather , would sooner,had rather, would (just) as soon ,would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon,would prefer(希望)也用来表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或"对过去做的事的懊悔"。
(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
(3).Don' t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die.
(4).I would rather you go tomorrow.
(5).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.
(6).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office.经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。
(7).To be frank,I'd rather you were not involved in the case.坦率地说,我希望你不要卷入这件事。
(8).You don't have to be in such a hurry.I would rather you went on business first.你没有必要这么着急,我宁愿你先去上班。
(9).I'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being.我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。
(10).Frankly speaking ,I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being.坦白地说,我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。
(11).Wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early?为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢?
(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
注:①若某人愿自己做某事,would rather后用动词原形
I would rather stay at home today.
②would rather...than...中用动词原形
I would rather stay at home than go out today.
五、“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情,其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。
I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书,但她说她喜欢留在中国。
主语从句中的虚拟语气
一、“It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that……”结构中的虚拟语气
在形如“It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that……”结构中,使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为should +动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形(美国英语中省去should)
常用的形容词:* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (极好的)advisable(合理的),compulsory(必须的),crucial(紧急的),desirable(理想的),essential(必要的),imperative(迫切的),incredible(惊人的),necessary(必要的),possible(可能的),strange(奇怪的),urgent(紧迫的)。
常用的过去分词(Past Participle):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)* suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)* orderd (命令)
1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同)have a walk now.(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步)
2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好准备)
3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽烟)
4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand therule of school.(important, should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)
5. It's important that we (should) take good care of the patient.(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顾好病人)
6. It is natural that she should do so. (形容词natural, should+动词原形do)
7.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible.这些申请表应尽早地寄回,这是很重要的。
8.It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project.重要的是募集足够的钱,为这个项目提供资金。
9.It is desired that we(should)get everything ready this evening.希望我们今晚一切都准备就绪。
注:在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中,谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。
10.I don't think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience.汤姆缺乏经验,指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。
二、在It is +名词+that…的主语从句中的虚拟语气
在It is +名词+that的主语从句中,常用虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词
有:advice ,decision ,desire ,demand ,idea,motion ,order,pity ,preference ,proposal,recommendation ,
requirement,resolution,shame,suggestion,surprise,wish,wonder等。
⑴、It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad.我建议派他去国外进一步学习。
虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中
当某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时,其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气,其表达形式为should +动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有:
demand (要求), desire (请求),requirment (要求)
advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议)
order (命令)
necessity (必要地), preference (优先)
proposal (计划), plan (计划), idea (办法),
recommendation以及plan,idea,resolution等。
We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议。
The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by
everyone.由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。
⑴、 The advice is that we (should 可省略,下同) leave at once.
(名词advice,should + leave) (表示加以劝告)
⑵、 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the
conference.
(idea, should + get) (表示做出主意)
⑶、 I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出计划)
⑷、 The judge assented to the suggestion that .
〔A〕both of the criminals will soon be set freedom
〔B〕some of the criminals there are of guilt only
〔C〕the girl was to be paroled in the custody of a welfare society
〔D〕the prisoner be sentenced to death
希望这些对你有帮助!
2,求虚拟语气详解。
虚拟语气分为条件虚拟和愿望虚拟两大类,简单介绍如下——
一、条件虚拟
1、由连词引导的条件从句,常用的有:
* if/unless 如果/若非
* 3. even if / even though 即便
* in case:万一,如:
--You should bring an umbrella with you, in case it were raining; of cause there’s no rain today
2、省略 if 后的倒装虚拟,如:
* Were I you, What should I do?
* Had he been here five minutes earlier, he would have caught the train.
3、相关动词分词或短语充当连词
* 过去分词: provided,如:
--*We would pay the bonus provided the job had been completed on time yesterday. 如果工作在昨天按时完成的话我们会发放奖金的。
* 动词原形:suppose (that),如:
--Suppose (that) I were you. 要是我是你多好)。
* 现在分词:supposing,如:
--Supposing it were not Saturday tomorrow. 假如明天不是星期六(就好了)
4、介词 without 短语表示的条件,如:
--Without electronic computers, much of today's advanced technology would not have been achieved. 要是没有电脑的话,就不会取得当前这么多的先进技术
5、but tha t除非,若不是,如:
--They would have got in touch with us two days earlier but that there had been something wrong with the line. 若不是线路有问题的话,他们两天前就与我们取得联系了。
二、愿望虚拟
1、名词从句
1)提出建议、发出命令、提出请求、表示见解愿望,下面以suggest及其派生词为例:
宾语从句:I suggested that he (should常常省略) leave immediately.
表语从句:My suggestion is that he leave immediately.
主语从句:That he (should) leave immediately is my suggestion
同位语从句:My suggestion, that he leave immediately, has not been adopted.
2)用在it is … that 句式表示上述意思,如:
--It is important that he that he (should常常省略) leave immediately.
2、几种特殊的虚拟句式
* wish 从句,如:
-- I wish he knew what is happening there in his room. 要是他知道自己的屋子里正发生着什么就好了。(对此时此刻的虚拟)
--He wished he hadn't done it. 他想要是他没这样做该多好。(对过去的虚拟)
* would rather 从句
--I would rather you (should) come tomorrow.(对将来的虚拟)我宁可你明天过来(暗含你却来不了。)
* it is time 从句
--It is high time you had got up to have your meal. 你早就该起床吃饭了。(但是到现在你还没起来)
* had better 从句
--His mother had better he would have come the next day. 他母亲宁愿他第二天过来。
三、套式虚拟句
在表达某些信条的陈述或信仰的自白的时候,常用套式虚拟句。在这种虚拟句中,谓语动词不受人称和时态的约束,只以动词原形出现在句子中。以下是常见的套语:
1. 表示祝福
* God belss you 上帝保佑
* God bless my life / my soul! 我的天啊! 好家伙!
* God speed you! 祝你一路平安!
* Long live liberty! 自由万岁
2. 表示诅咒
* God damn you! 天杀的! 该死的!
* God forbid! / Heaven forfend!苍天不容! 但愿不会如此!
3. 表示发誓
* Far be it from me to … 我决不会…
* Suffice it to say that … 只要说…就够了。
* Come what may / will … 不管发生什么事情
4. 表示愿望
* God grant ...! 但愿...!
* So be it then. 那样也好
* Be that as it may … 尽管这样
5. 表示感叹
God help him! 唉, 真可怜!
Heaven help us! 苍天保佑!
关于虚拟语气的时态问题
一、条件虚拟句或特殊句式的虚拟
1、对现在的虚拟
* 主句 —— would/should/could/ought to + 动词原形
* 从句 —— 动词过去形式(动词 be 一律用 were)
2、对过去的虚拟:
* 主句 —— would/should/could/ought to + have done
* 从句 —— 过去完成式 had done
3、对将来虚拟,分三种情况:
1)实现的可能性不大 ——(should可省略,但是要注意只能用should 而不可以用其他情态动词)do;
2)实现的可能性很小 —— 过去时(did/were)
3)根本不可能实现 —— were to do
二、名词从句中的虚拟一律用“should + 原形”或者省略 should 直接用动词原形
3,求虚拟语气讲解,适合初中生滴,最重要是让偶明白!
虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。
Ⅰ用以表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气
⒈ 用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件,是虚拟条件最普通的方式。
① 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设,其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were),主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形,例如:If I were in your position I would marry her.
② 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设,if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had+过去分词,主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词,例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
③ 大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种,但并不排除存在条件和后果中,一个和现在情况相反,另一个和过去情况相反,例如:If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now.这个句子在高中出现频率颇高。
④ 但是,如果后果用了虚拟语气,而条件却用陈述语气,这种用法是错的。
⒉ 除了表示虚假条件外,if从句还可以表示对将来的推测,由于是将来还没有发生的,所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的,只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大。一般情况下,可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对一个未来事实的推测,这个事实是完全可能发生的。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形,主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形,例如:Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996年1月四级第44题)
⒊ 有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去,而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前,即用倒装结构,这时候,如果出现not等否定词,否定词需放在主语后面。这种结构在口语中很少使用,但频频出现在各类考试中出现,例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.
⒋ 大多数的虚拟条件通过上面所讲的两种方法表达,但在个别句子中也可以通过介词without和介词短语but for表达,副词otherwise等表达出来。例如:We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.(1995年6月四级第46题)值得注意的是,包含but for的句子,谓语动词必定要用虚拟形式,但包含without等短语的句子,谓语动词未必一定要用虚拟语气。
⒌ 有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来,而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里,于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的but从句构成的并列复合句,例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在这样的句子里,如果主句没有用虚拟语气,或者从句用了虚拟语气,都是错的。
Ⅱ用在宾语从句中的虚拟语气
⒈ 在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句中,需用虚拟语气。(wish后的that 常省略),根据主句时态,从句谓语时态相应退后一位,例如:How she wished his family could go with him.
⒉ 在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用(should) +动词原形。值得注意的是,如果宾语从句的动词是否定的,否定词not的位置应在动词之前,而不是动词之后。例如:The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外,如suggest表达“暗示”,insist表示“坚持某种说法”时,后面的从句不用虚拟语气,例如:Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy.
除此之外,上述动词也要求用虚拟式
① 在It is+上述动词的过去分词,其后所跟的主语从句中,如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.
② 在上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词,其后的表语从句中,例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.
③ 在对上述动词相应的名词进行解释的同位语从句中,如:The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.
⒊ would (had)rather , would sooner也用来表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反,例如:I would rather he went right now.
Ⅲ其他形式的虚拟语气
⒈ it is +necessary等形容词后,that主语从句中虚拟形式使用,这类形容词包括necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等,例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.
⒉ 在It's (high/about) time 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式,例如It is high time that you went to school
⒊ 虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用(谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同)表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑,谓语动词用过去式。例如:He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示过去想象中的动作或情况,谓语动词用过去完成式。
⒋ 在lest 引导的状语从句中,谓语动词多用虚拟语气,(should )+ 动词原形。例如: The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.(1998年1月四级第38题)
⒌ 在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。例如: Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.
虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:
①If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。
②I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。
③May you succeed!祝您成功!
虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开始吧。
虚拟语气详解运用:
简单句中的虚拟语气
一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气,常用于日常会话中。如:
⑴.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗?
⑵.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。
二、表祝愿。
1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿,但愿,此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。
⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好运!
⑵、May you be happy!祝你快乐!
⑶、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就!
⑷、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
⑸、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
⑹、May you be happy. (注意那个be ) 祝你幸福。
2、用动词原形。例如:
(1).Long live the people! 人民万岁!
(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说:“愿上帝保佑你!”
(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快!
三、表示强烈愿望。(该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形,第三人称单数也不加“s”)
(1).God save me.
(2).Heaven help us.
四、表命令
1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you),而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。
2.句子尾通常加上感叹号:!
3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present),如:work, be , go
4.否定形式的命令语气,可用助动词do,加上not。
(1). Work !
(2). Work harder !
(3). Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词Be)
(4). You go out !
(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)
(6). Don't be afraid. (口语中常用don't 代替do not)
五、在一些习惯表达中。如:
(1).You’d better set off now.你最好现在就出发。
(2).I’d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。
第三部分:名词性从句中的虚拟语气
第一节:宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气
一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,常省去宾语从句的引导词that。
一)、对现在情况的虚拟(与现在的事实相反):
从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语be和were(was),实义动词用过去式。例:
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)
2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)
3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)
4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)
5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)
现在他在中国,他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)
6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)
二)、对过去情况的虚拟(和过去的事实相反):
用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时,或would, could, might+现在完成时。例:
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.
我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)
2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.
他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)
3. We wished he had spoken to us.
(wished,had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)
4. I wish you had called earlier.
(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)
5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.
(will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)
例题分析:I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept
动词wish后面接从句,表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气,即用过去式(表示现在发生的动作)或过去完成式(表示过去发生的动作)。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had
to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept是答案
三)、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望):
从句动词"would/should/could/might + 动词原形"(时间上较后)(请注意:主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例:
1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)
我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)
2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)
3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)
4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)
我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵,女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)
5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)
(只是希望我们和他在一起,实际上还没在一起)
四)、注意:
1.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如:
I wished I hadn't spent so much money.
我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。
2. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stop asking silly questions.
二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见,认为某事应该或不应该怎样,这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气,且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气,但事实上“should”常被省略,故此从句中谓语动词用原形,常用的此类动词有:
表示“要求”的:ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg
表示“提议、劝告、建议”的:move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote
表示“决定、命令”的:decide, order
表示“主张”的:maintain, urge
表示“同意、坚持”的:consent, insist
例如:
1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.
2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.
3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(当我建议他用刮胡膏时,他说“剃刀和水就行了”。)
4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据,直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。)
5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English�speaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。)
在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍,其结构如:
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +... (should) do
6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.
但注意:在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气.
8.she insists that she is right.
9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once.
或者说,suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时,即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时,宾语从句用陈述语气。
10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中,我们经常用“should+动词原形(或完成形式)”,表示惊奇,怀疑,不满等。
I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.
我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。
四、would rather , would sooner,had rather, would (just) as soon ,would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon,would prefer(希望)也用来表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或"对过去做的事的懊悔"。
(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
(3).Don' t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die.
(4).I would rather you go tomorrow.
(5).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.
(6).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office.经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。
(7).To be frank,I'd rather you were not involved in the case.坦率地说,我希望你不要卷入这件事。
(8).You don't have to be in such a hurry.I would rather you went on business first.你没有必要这么着急,我宁愿你先去上班。
(9).I'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being.我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。
(10).Frankly speaking ,I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being.坦白地说,我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。
(11).Wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early?为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢?
(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
注:①若某人愿自己做某事,would rather后用动词原形
I would rather stay at home today.
②would rather...than...中用动词原形
I would rather stay at home than go out today.
五、“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情,其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。
I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书,但她说她喜欢留在中国。
主语从句中的虚拟语气
一、“It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that……”结构中的虚拟语气
在形如“It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that……”结构中,使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为should +动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形(美国英语中省去should)
常用的形容词:* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (极好的)advisable(合理的),compulsory(必须的),crucial(紧急的),desirable(理想的),essential(必要的),imperative(迫切的),incredible(惊人的),necessary(必要的),possible(可能的),strange(奇怪的),urgent(紧迫的)。
常用的过去分词(Past Participle):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)* suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)* orderd (命令)
1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同)have a walk now.(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步)
2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好准备)
3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽烟)
4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand therule of school.(important, should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)
5. It's important that we (should) take good care of the patient.(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顾好病人)
6. It is natural that she should do so. (形容词natural, should+动词原形do)
7.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible.这些申请表应尽早地寄回,这是很重要的。
8.It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project.重要的是募集足够的钱,为这个项目提供资金。
9.It is desired that we(should)get everything ready this evening.希望我们今晚一切都准备就绪。
注:在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中,谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。
10.I don't think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience.汤姆缺乏经验,指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。
二、在It is +名词+that…的主语从句中的虚拟语气
在It is +名词+that的主语从句中,常用虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词
有:advice ,decision ,desire ,demand ,idea,motion ,order,pity ,preference ,proposal,recommendation ,
requirement,resolution,shame,suggestion,surprise,wish,wonder等。
⑴、It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad.我建议派他去国外进一步学习。
虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中
当某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时,其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气,其表达形式为should +动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有:
demand (要求), desire (请求),requirment (要求)
advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议)
order (命令)
necessity (必要地), preference (优先)
proposal (计划), plan (计划), idea (办法),
recommendation以及plan,idea,resolution等。
We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议。
The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by
everyone.由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。
⑴、 The advice is that we (should 可省略,下同) leave at once.
(名词advice,should + leave) (表示加以劝告)
⑵、 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the
conference.
(idea, should + get) (表示做出主意)
⑶、 I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出计划)
⑷、 The judge assented to the suggestion that .
〔A〕both of the criminals will soon be set freedom
〔B〕some of the criminals there are of guilt only
〔C〕the girl was to be paroled in the custody of a welfare society
〔D〕the prisoner be sentenced to death
希望这些对你有帮助!
4,虚拟语气的具体用法,求详解。
虚拟语气
1.主语从句中的虚拟语气主语从句中的虚拟语气主要取决于某些形容词和过去分词,用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等。其形式为:(should)+动词原形。
常这样用的形容词有:
appropriate适当的advisable适当的,合理的better较好的desirable理想的essential精华的imperative迫切的important重要的insistent坚持的natural自然的necessary必要的preferable优越的,较好的strange奇怪的urgent紧迫的vital极其重要的
过去分词有:
desired, demanded, ordered, requested, suggested, recommended, required等。
例如:
It is essential that you (should) win the voters’hearts.赢得选民的心是绝对必要的。
It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities.有人提议他应该参加俱乐部的活动。
2.表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气在表示建议、命令、主张、目的和愿望等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气。其形式为:(should)+动词原形。
常这样用的名词有:
resolution决心,决议pray恳求decision决议motion提议suggestion建议preference选择proposal提议advice劝告recommendation推荐desire愿望demand要求requirement要求order命令necessity必要性request要求idea主意、想法例如:
He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained.他下令热情款待这些客人。
His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.他提议我们应该摈弃这些不良习性。
3.宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1)某些动词后所接宾语从句中的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气,用来表示建议、命令和要求等。其形式为:(should)+动词原形。常这样用的动词有:
ask要求advise劝告determine决定decide决定command命令insist坚持intend打算move提议prefer宁愿propose提议order命令recommend推荐request要求require要求suggest建议urge主张demand要求desire渴望direct命令例如:
He insisted that the meeting be put off.他要求推迟那个会议。
They proposed that all the plans should be discussed at the meeting.他们建议所有的计划都应该在会上讨论。
2)在以it为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中也可以用虚拟语气,其形式为:(should)+动词原形。这一句型中使用的形容词(宾补)与主语从句中的虚拟语气所使用的形容词相同。例如:
We think it advisable that he (should) think deeply before acting.我们认为他在行动之前好好考虑一下才是明智的。
3)wish后面所跟的宾语从句中的虚拟语气表示某种不能实现的愿望。
其主要形式有三种:
表示对现在情况的虚拟:wish +主语+动词过去式或were表示对过去情况的虚拟:wish +主语+ had +过去分词表示对将来情况的虚拟:wish +主语+ would +动词原形。
例如:
I wish I knew what was going to happen.但愿我能知道要发生什么事。
She wished she had stayed at home.她懊悔的是她当时要是在家就好了。
I wish I were rich.我恨不得我很有钱。
注意:在表示对过去情况的虚拟时,有时也可以用下列形式:
wish +主语+ would(could)+ have +过去分词I wish I could have seen her last night.要是我昨天晚上能够见到她那该多好。
4. if条件句中的虚拟语气形式1)if非真实条件句所表示的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的,句中的主句与从句都用虚拟语气。
在if非真实虚拟条件句中,主句和从句谓语动词主要有下面几种形式:
假设类型条件从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反动词过去时(be用were)Should(would,could,might)+动词原形与过去事实相反Had +过去分词Should(would,could, might)+ have +过去分词与将来事实可能相反动词过去时(should+动词原形,were to +动词原形)Should(would,could,might)+动词原形
If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.假如没有引力,我们就不可能行走。
I wouldn’t have known what these were for if I hadn’t been told.假如别人不告诉我,我就不知道这些东西是干什么的了。
2)正式文体中,有时可把虚拟条件句中的连词if省去,而将were,had, should等助动词(不包括行为动词)提到主语前面。如果句中没有were,had或should时,既不能省略if,也不能倒装。例如:
Were I to meet him tomorrow (= If I were to met him tomorrow), I should ask him about it.要是我明天见到他,我就会问他这件事的。
Had I had the money last year (= If I had had the money last year), I would have bought the house.如果我去年有了这笔钱,我就买那所房子了。
Should there be any trouble with the boiler, the automatic controlling unit would cut off the fuel oil supply.假如锅炉出问题的话,自控装置会自动切断燃油的供给。
3)通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的,但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式。例如:
If I were you, I would have taken his advice.我要是你,我就采纳了他的建议。(从句指现在,主句指过去)
If the weather had been more favorable, the crop would be growing still better.如果气候更适宜一些,庄稼会长得更好。(从句指过去,主句指现在)
5.含蓄虚拟条件句1)有时假设的情况并不以条件从句形式表示出来,而是通过一个介词短语或其他方式表示。常用的词或短语有:without, but for, but that, otherwise, or, but等。例如:
Without your help (=If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.要是没有你的帮助,我们就不会成功的。
But for electricity (= If there were no electricity), there would be no modern industry.要是没有电,就不会有现代工业。
He was having a meeting; otherwise he would have come over to help us.他当时正与他的学生进行讨论,否则的话他就来帮我们了。
He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party.他昨天很累,不然他就参加那个聚会了。
2)在某些暗含虚拟条件的简单句中,虚拟语气可通过上下文表现出来。谓语动词用should/ would be形式和should/ would have been虚拟形式。例如:
Any men in his position would have done like that.任何人处在他的位置都会那么做的。
You should (ought to) have come earlier.你本应来得早点。
6.其他句型中的虚拟语气1)在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well和would prefer等后面所跟的从句中,也可以用虚拟语气,表示愿望,意为“宁愿、但愿”。其形式为:
①“would rather (would sooner…) +主语+谓语动词过去式”表示现在或将来的情况。
②“would rather (would sooner) +主语+动词过去完成式”表示过去的情况。例如:I’d rather he didn’t go now.要是他现在不走就好了I’d just as soon you had been here yesterday.要是你昨天在这里就好了。
2)在句型“It is (high/ about) time…”后面也可以跟虚拟语气,从句中常用过去式。有时也用“(should)+动词原形”,意为“该是……的时候了”。例如:
It is time that the boy (should) go to school.这个小孩该上学了。
It is high time (that) the weather improved.天气真该好起来了。
3)在“if only”引起的感叹句中也要求用虚拟语气,表示愿望。
形式为:①用过去时或“would/ could +动词原形”表示与现在或未来事实相反的愿望。
②过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。例如:
If only you would listen to our advice.要是你听我们的建议就好了。
If only I had not been busy last week!要是上周我不忙该多好啊!
If only she could marry me.但愿她能嫁给我。
注:if only也可以用于虚拟条件句中。例如:
If only I had more money, I could buy a car.要是我有更多的钱,我就可以买辆车了。
4)连接词“in case, lest, for fear that”可以用来引导虚拟语气。其形式通常为:“…lest (in case, for fear that) +主语+ should +动词原形”。Lest, for fear that句中的should可以省去,in case句中的should通常不省去,但是in case句中可以不用虚拟语气,而用陈述语气。Lest, for fear that后面也可以接其他形式。例如:
He took his coat with him in case it should rain.他带着雨衣以防下雨。
I will not make a noise for fear that I (should/ might) disturb you.我不会做声的,以免打扰你。
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow (should) occur.在使用这以方法的时候要谨慎小心,以免发生溢流现象。
5,求助虚拟语气各种情况的例句举例和解析~
第一步:掌握对现在,对过去,对将来的虚拟的固定时态
对现在的虚拟:
If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的话,它会帮助我们的。
注意,虚拟中的is,都用were
注意,主句用would +动词原型,从句用过去式
对过去的虚拟
If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看过这场电影,我会把电影内容告诉你了
注意时态:主句用would +现在完成时,从句用过去完成时
对将来的虚拟
If he were to come here, he would tell us about it.
如果他要来的话,他会通知我们一声。
或,if he came here...
if he should come here....
主句用would +动词原型,从句分三种:过去式,were to,should
第二步:掌握错综虚拟,即主从句的动作(看时态提示词),有错综
If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing.
如果他今天有空的话,我们会已经派他去北京了。
本来主句用了would +现在完成时,说明是对过去的虚拟,从句本来应该用过去完成时,但是,由于从句中有个时态提示词,today,则套用对现在的虚拟的公式,用过去式
If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now.
要是他工作一直努力的话,他现在已进了办公室了。
从句用了过去完成时,说明死对过去的虚拟,本来主句要用would +现在完成时,可是,主句里有个时态提示词,now,则主句套用现在的虚拟,用would +动词原型
这样根据主句,从句不同的时态,针对不同时间的虚拟,叫错综虚拟
第三步,含蓄虚拟语气,就是把if 省略,用倒装
Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的。
=if she were here,she would agree with us
第四步,虚拟语气再名词性从句中的应用
对于表建议,命令,要求的词,虚拟比较固定,一律用should +动词原型,但是should 可以省略
advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order,
propose, request, suggest(建议) 表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:(should) + 原形动词。如:
The teacher advised that we (should) make good use of every minute here.
老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的每一分钟。
6,虚拟语气具体用法的讲解
语法教学材料:虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示,下面对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法分别介绍。
虚拟语气用于条件状语从句。
表示与现在事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式(be的过去式用were)”,而主句中的谓语动词用“would(should, could, might)+动词原形。”例如:
If I were you, I should studay English.
If he had time, he would attend the meeting.
表示与过去的事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句的谓语动词用“had +过去分词”,主句中的谓语动词用“would(should, could, might)+have +过去分词”。例如:
If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the examination.
表示与将来事实相反的假设时,条件从句和主句所用的谓语动词怀“表示与现在事实相反的假设”的谓语动词相同,或者条件从句中用“were to(should)+动词原形”。例如:
If you come tomorrow, we would have the meeting.
If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。例如:
If you had worked hard, you would be very tired.
(从句说的是过去,主句指的是现在.)
5.以上句型可以转换成下列形式:
1)省略if,用“were, have, should +主语”. 例如:
Were I in school again, I would work harder.
Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him.
Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.
但在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式,如我们可以说:
Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy.
但不能说
Weren’t it for the expense, I would go to Italy.
2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句.例如:
Without air, there would be on living things.
But for your help, I couldn’t have done it.
3)用其了方式表示.例如:
It would produce had results to do that.
= If you have done that, it would produce bad results.
(二)虚拟语气用于宾语从句
“wish +宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望,汉语可译为“可惜……”. “……就好了”, “悔不该……”, “但愿……”等.
表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来不能实现的愿望用“would(could) +动词原形”;表示过去不能实现的愿望时用“had +过去分词”或“(could)would +have +过去分词”.例如:
I wish it were spring all the year round.
I wish you could go with us.
We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.
虚拟语气在动词arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest,等后面的宾主从句中用“(should)+动词原形”.例如:
We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
We insisted that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
注意:insist作“力言”, “强调”解时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气,只有当insist作 “坚持(认为)”, “坚持(应该)”解时宾语从句才用虚拟语气.例如:
Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.
(三)虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句
作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“(should)+动词原形”.例如:
We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for
sightseeing.
My idea is that we (should) exercises first.
(四)虚拟语气在 as if(as though),even if( even though)等引导的表语从句或状语从句中的应用.
如果从句表示的动作发生在过去,用过去完成时,指现在状况,则用过去时,指将来则用过去将来时.例如:
He looked as if he were an artist.
He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England.
Even if he were here,he could not solve the problem.
(五)虚拟语气用于主语从句.
在主语从句中,谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用“ should 十动词原形”的结构,表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等.例如:
It is necessary( important,natural,strange,etc) that … we should clean
the room every day.
It was a pity ( a shame,no wonder,etc) that you should be so careless.
It will be desired( suggested,decided,ordered,requested,proposed,etc)
that she should finish her homework this afternoon.
在上述三种主语从句中,should意为“应该”,“竟然”,可以省去,但不可换用would.主句所用动词的时态不限.
注意:这种从句表示的是事实.如果说话人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感,就可用虚拟语气.反之,如果不表示惊奇等情感.That从句也可用陈述语气,例如:
It is a strange that he did not come yesterday.
It is a pity that you can’t swim.
(六)虚拟语气用于定语从句
这种从句常用在 It is( high) time( that)…句型中,定语从句的谓语动词用过去式,或 should十动词原形( should不能省略,be用 were)来表示,意为“(现在)该……”。例如:
It is ( high) time we left (should leave).
lt is high time we were going.
(七)虚拟语气用于 if only引导的感叹句中
If only I had taken his advice.
我要是听他的话就好了.
If only I were a bird.我如果是一只鸟就好了.
(八)虚拟语气在简单句中的应用
l)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉,常出现在日常会话中,例如:
It would be better for you not to stay up too late.
Would you be kind enough to open the door?
2)用于一些习惯表达法中,例如:
Would you like a cup of tea?
I would rather not tell you. You had better go now. 3)用“ may 十动词原形”表示“祝愿”、“但愿”. may须置于句首,例如:May you be happy! May you succeed!
虚拟语气是一种动词形式,表示说话人的一种愿望,假设,怀疑,猜测, 建议等含义,虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。
If I were you, I'd take them away.
如果我是你的话,我就会带走他们。
If I had met Li Hua, I could had told him.
如果我碰见了李华,我就告诉了他了。
If I had time. I could come to help you.
如果我有时间,我会来帮助你的。
He suggested that our class should be divided into five groups.
他建议说我们的班应该分成五个小组。
He speaks to us as if he had been there.
他给我们讲的好象他去过那儿。
虚拟语气的用法
1) 虚拟语气用在简单句中,表示祝愿,命令。
May you be happy.
祝你幸福。
May you have a good time.
祝愿你玩的痛快。
May the friendship between us last long.
祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
Have a good journey!
祝愿你旅途愉快!
You go out!
你出去!
2) 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中。动词 wish, suggest,order,insist, propose,等词后面的宾语从句表示的是一种虚拟语气, 宾语从句中的动词动作表示的只是一种愿望,要求。
I wish she would be on my side.
我希望她能站在我一边。
I wish I could help him.
我希望我能帮助他。
He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means.
他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。
动词 demand, suggest, order, insist, propose 后面的从句中,"should" 可以省略。
The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class.
老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。
He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves.
他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。
3) 虚拟语气用在主语从句中。
在句型 "It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... " 中,that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用: should + 动词原形
It's necessary that we should have a walk now.
我们有必要出去散散步。
It's natural that she should do so.
她这样做是很自然的。
It's important that we should take good care of the patient.
重要的是我们要照顾好病人。
4) 虚拟语气用在状语从句中。
虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的主句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时,动词有三种时态形式,即现在,过去和将来。
与现在事实相反的:
条件从句 结果从句
If I (we,you,he,they)+ 动词过去式.. if I (he,she) were... I (we) should + 动词原形。 He (you,they) would + 动词原形。
与过去事实相反的:
条件从句 结果从句
If I(we,you,he,they)+ had + 过去分词 I(we)should + have+ 过去分词。He (you,they) would + have + 过去分词。
If I were you, I should buy it.
如果我是你,我就买了它。
If I had time, I would study French.
如果我有时间,我会学习法语的。
If she knew English,she would not ask me for help.
如果她懂英语的话,她不会找我帮忙的。
If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.
如果你早一点起床,就会赶上火车的。
If it were fine tomorrow,I would go shopping.
如果明天天气好,我就去买东西。
有关虚拟语气的几个问题:
1) 有时if引导的状语从句可以省略 if,而把从句中的动词 were, had 或 should 移到主语前面。
Were she younger, she would do it .
如果她年青点, 她就会干的。
Had he known her address, he would had gone to visite her.
如果他知道她的地址,他会去看她的。
2) 有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略,而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。
I could help you.
我本来可以帮助你。
If I had time.
我要有时间该多好啊。
She should have come to the party.
她应该来参加聚会。
If he had much more money.
如果他有更多的钱就能...。
3) 虚拟语气中,条件从句的动词动作可以和主句的动词动作时态不一致。
If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now.
如果他们以前努力学习的话,现在干的就会容易些。
If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this.
如果他不听取我的建议,他就不会干得这样好。
虚拟语气
back
一、虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。
二、if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断
判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思,看假设的条件是否能够实现,能够实现是真实条件句,不能使用虚拟语气;假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句,要用虚拟语气。
判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况:
1与过去事实相反。
2与现在事实相反。
3与将来事实可能相反。
三、“后退一步法”
后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后,按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即:在非真实条件状语从句中,谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。
也就是:
1 与过去事实相反,在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。
2 与现在事实相反,在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。
3 与将来事实可能相反,在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。
主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。
If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.
If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out.
三、would rather +从句
在这种结构中,从句的位于动词用过去形式表示虚拟。
I would rather you did this instead of me
四 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest 后的从句
其从句谓语的动词应用:should+原形动词
7,虚拟语气讲解
虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。
Ⅰ用以表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气
⒈ 用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件,是虚拟条件最普通的方式。
① 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设,其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were),主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形,例如:If I were in your position I would marry her.
② 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设,if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had+过去分词,主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词,例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
③ 大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种,但并不排除存在条件和后果中,一个和现在情况相反,另一个和过去情况相反,例如:If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now.这个句子在高中出现频率颇高。
④ 但是,如果后果用了虚拟语气,而条件却用陈述语气,这种用法是错的。
⒉ 除了表示虚假条件外,if从句还可以表示对将来的推测,由于是将来还没有发生的,所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的,只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大。一般情况下,可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对一个未来事实的推测,这个事实是完全可能发生的。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形,主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形,例如:Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996年1月四级第44题)
⒊ 有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去,而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前,即用倒装结构,这时候,如果出现not等否定词,否定词需放在主语后面。这种结构在口语中很少使用,但频频出现在各类考试中出现,例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.
⒋ 大多数的虚拟条件通过上面所讲的两种方法表达,但在个别句子中也可以通过介词without和介词短语but for表达,副词otherwise等表达出来。例如:We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.(1995年6月四级第46题)值得注意的是,包含but for的句子,谓语动词必定要用虚拟形式,但包含without等短语的句子,谓语动词未必一定要用虚拟语气。
⒌ 有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来,而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里,于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的but从句构成的并列复合句,例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在这样的句子里,如果主句没有用虚拟语气,或者从句用了虚拟语气,都是错的。
Ⅱ用在宾语从句中的虚拟语气
⒈ 在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句中,需用虚拟语气。(wish后的that 常省略),根据主句时态,从句谓语时态相应退后一位,例如:How she wished his family could go with him.
⒉ 在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用(should) +动词原形。值得注意的是,如果宾语从句的动词是否定的,否定词not的位置应在动词之前,而不是动词之后。例如:The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外,如suggest表达“暗示”,insist表示“坚持某种说法”时,后面的从句不用虚拟语气,例如:Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy.
除此之外,上述动词也要求用虚拟式
① 在It is+上述动词的过去分词,其后所跟的主语从句中,如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.
② 在上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词,其后的表语从句中,例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.
③ 在对上述动词相应的名词进行解释的同位语从句中,如:The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.
⒊ would (had)rather , would sooner也用来表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反,例如:I would rather he went right now.
Ⅲ其他形式的虚拟语气
⒈ it is +necessary等形容词后,that主语从句中虚拟形式使用,这类形容词包括necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等,例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.
⒉ 在It's (high/about) time 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式,例如It is high time that you went to school
⒊ 虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用(谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同)表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑,谓语动词用过去式。例如:He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示过去想象中的动作或情况,谓语动词用过去完成式。
⒋ 在lest 引导的状语从句中,谓语动词多用虚拟语气,(should )+ 动词原形。例如: The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.(1998年1月四级第38题)
⒌ 在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。例如: Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.
虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:
①If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。
②I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。
③May you succeed!祝您成功!
虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开始吧。
虚拟语气详解运用:
简单句中的虚拟语气
一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气,常用于日常会话中。如:
⑴.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗?
⑵.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。
二、表祝愿。
1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿,但愿,此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。
⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好运!
⑵、May you be happy!祝你快乐!
⑶、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就!
⑷、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
⑸、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
⑹、May you be happy. (注意那个be ) 祝你幸福。
2、用动词原形。例如:
(1).Long live the people! 人民万岁!
(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说:“愿上帝保佑你!”
(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快!
三、表示强烈愿望。(该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形,第三人称单数也不加“s”)
(1).God save me.
(2).Heaven help us.
四、表命令
1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you),而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。
2.句子尾通常加上感叹号:!
3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present),如:work, be , go
4.否定形式的命令语气,可用助动词do,加上not。
(1). Work !
(2). Work harder !
(3). Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词Be)
(4). You go out !
(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)
(6). Don't be afraid. (口语中常用don't 代替do not)
五、在一些习惯表达中。如:
(1).You’d better set off now.你最好现在就出发。
(2).I’d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。
第三部分:名词性从句中的虚拟语气
第一节:宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气
一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,常省去宾语从句的引导词that。
一)、对现在情况的虚拟(与现在的事实相反):
从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语be和were(was),实义动词用过去式。例:
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)
2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)
3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)
4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)
5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)
现在他在中国,他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)
6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)
二)、对过去情况的虚拟(和过去的事实相反):
用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时,或would, could, might+现在完成时。例:
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.
我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)
2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.
他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)
3. We wished he had spoken to us.
(wished,had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)
4. I wish you had called earlier.
(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)
5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.
(will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)
例题分析:I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept
动词wish后面接从句,表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气,即用过去式(表示现在发生的动作)或过去完成式(表示过去发生的动作)。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had
to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept是答案
三)、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望):
从句动词"would/should/could/might + 动词原形"(时间上较后)(请注意:主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例:
1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)
我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)
2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)
3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)
4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)
我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵,女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)
5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)
(只是希望我们和他在一起,实际上还没在一起)
四)、注意:
1.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如:
I wished I hadn't spent so much money.
我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。
2. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stop asking silly questions.
8,讲一讲英语中的虚拟语气(用法详细一点)
一、概念
中文译作"虚拟语气"。它是一种动词形式,表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。
二、语法结构
1.if结构(非真实条件句——表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况)
与..事实相反 If从句 主句
过去 Had done Would* have done
现在 Were/did Would* do
将来 Should do/were/were to do Would* do
例句:If there hadn’t been much rain in spring, we would have had a good harvest now. [过去]
If he smoked less, his cough might be well soon. [现在]
If the lecturer should be late, you would have to make a speech first. [将来]
备注:
(1)上表中’*’,would都可转换为should、could、might。
(2) 如果为时间错综句的话,左右两栏可互相搭配,排列组合。
例句:
He would still be alive today if he hadn’t taken that drug.
[与现在事实相反] [与过去事实相反]
(3) if可转换为其他形式
例句:Without your advice, our meeting wouldn’t have been so successfully. [过去]
(=>可转换为:If there hadn’t been your advice, we …)
Your notes are almost illegible (难以辨认的). Notes typed out would be a lot easier to read. [将来]
(=> 可转换为:If the notes had been typed out, it would be a lot easier to read.)
I should have gone to see Dr. Smith and he might have cured me of the disease.[过去]
(=> 可转换为:If he have gone to see Dr. Smith, he ..)
2、wish结构
与..事实相反
过去 Had done
现在 Were/did
将来 Would
备注:可转换为其他形式。
例句:He talks as if (好像) he had done all the work himself. [过去]
I wish I were a bird.
I wish he handn' done that.
I wish I would be rich in the future.
3、should结构
从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成。而且should可以省去。用于此结构的动词有:advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest,intend等。
例句:The teacher suggest he (should) read English aloud.
注意:当insist表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明,显示”时,不用虚拟语气。
例句:The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him.
He insisted that he was honest.
4、would rather +从句
在这种结构中,从句的谓语动词用过去形式表示虚拟。
例句:I would rather you did this instead of me.
5、主语从句中的虚拟语气
1)It be + 形容词 + that ...(should)...
用于该句型的形容词是:necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny,
strange, surprising .
一些名词也可以用于 在该结构中。如:a pity, no wonder....
2)It be + 过去分词 + that ...(should)....
用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如:desired, suggested, requested,
ordered, proposed等。
3)It is time(about time, high time)that ...(过去式动词形式或should+动词原形)....
It is high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home now.
6、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, advice, decision等需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同
位语从句中,要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词应用:should+原形动词。另外连接从句的that不能省
略。
例:My suggestion is that we should go there at once.
What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening?
三、使用范围及判断
1、虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。
2、if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断
判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思,看假设的条件是否能够实现,能够实现是真实条件句,不能使用虚拟语气;假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句,要用虚拟语气。
判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况:①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反。
3、“后退一步法”
后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后,按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即:在非 真实条件状语从句中,谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是:
1)与过去事实相反,在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。
2)与现在事实相反,在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。
3)与将来事实可能相反,在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。
主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。
例:If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.
If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out.
四、注意事项
1.if条件句中如有were, should, had,可以省去if,并使用倒装语序。
2、在现代英语中if条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were。
3、wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气,按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词。注意:与哪个事实相反,不能以主句的时态为判断依据,而是根据从句的意义判断。
9,虚拟语气有哪些形式?用法是什么?
虚拟语气的用法及形式: 一、表示与现在事实相反的情况: 从句:If 主语+过去时(Be动词用were) 主句:主语+should/would/could/might+do 二、表示与过去事实相反的情况: 从句:If 主语+had+done 主句:主语+should/would/could/might+have done三、表示对将来情况的主观推测: 主句:主语+should+do 从句:①if+主语+were to do ②if+主语+should/would/could/might+do ③if+主语+did(动词过去式)/were四、 有时,虚拟条件句中,结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。①从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。②从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符。五、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,had时,if可以省略,这时条件从句要用倒装语序,即把were,should,had等词置于句首,这种多用于书面语。六、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句,在多数情况下,条件会暗含在短语中,如without…,but for…等。 七、 有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。 扩展资料虚拟语气种类: 1、陈述语气:表示动作或状态是客观存在的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句中。 2、祈使语:表示说话人对对方的请求、警告,建议或命令。 3、虚拟语气:虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜疑、建议或与事实不符的假设等,而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气是由句中的谓语动词的特殊形式表示出来的。 参考资料:百度百科-虚拟语气
10,虚拟语气的各种用法
1、与现在事实相反:若与现在事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were),主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。 2、与过去事实相反:若与过去事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词),主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”。 3、与将来事实相反:若与将来事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were),主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。 扩展资料: 虚拟语气的应用条件: 在表示假想的虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气,表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时,也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法,愿望,假想,猜测,怀疑或建议,而不是根据客观实际,就用虚拟语气。主要是英语语法的一种表达。 条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性不大的甚至完全不可能发生的情况,故采用虚拟语气。 参考资料来源: 百度百科-虚拟语气